In some cases, eggs and/or fry are purchased from established hatcheries as an alternative to maintaining and spawning broodstock. Production cycle of Sciaenops ocellatus Production Systems Seed Supply Ruditapes decussatus is cultured from the Atlantic coast of France, Spain, Portugal and in the Mediterranean basin. With the development of reliable culture techniques, the commercial production of this species has expanded to other countries because red drum is a popular food fish, relatively hardy and adapts well to aquaculture conditions. Initial aquaculture methods were developed in the United States of America, particularly in Texas and Florida, in order to provide alternatives to wild-caught fish and for stock enhancement efforts. size and bag limits) and commercial fishing has been eliminated entirely in many areas. Since then a variety of regulatory measures were implemented (e.g. Interest in the culture of red drum in captivity began in the late 1970s over concerns of declining natural populations due to commercial and recreational fishing activities. During spawning season, males produce characteristic drumming noise by rubbing specialized muscles against air bladder. Caudal fin slightly concave with one or more large black chromatophores above lateral line. Two dorsal fins, the first with ten hard spines and the second with one hard spine and multiple soft rays (24). No barbells, which differentiates this species from closely related black drum ( Pogonias cromis). Snout blunt with rather large, inferior mouth containing bands of villiform teeth. Primarily coppery brown or reddish, though whitish ventrally. Body elongate with slightly arched back and sloping head.
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